diff --git a/app/controllers/content_controller.rb b/app/controllers/content_controller.rb
index 0a1150bc..9f949ba2 100644
--- a/app/controllers/content_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/content_controller.rb
@@ -215,7 +215,8 @@ class ContentController < ApplicationController
 
       successful_response(content_creation_redirect_url, t(:create_success, model_name: @content.try(:name).presence || humanized_model_name))
     else
-      failed_response('new', :unprocessable_entity, "Unable to save page. Error code: " + @content.errors.map(&:messages).to_sentence)
+      raise "nope"
+      failed_response('new', :unprocessable_entity, "Unable to save page. Error code: " + @content.errors.to_json.to_s)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/app/models/billing/promotion.rb b/app/models/billing/promotion.rb
index 59067b64..c4f1b38c 100644
--- a/app/models/billing/promotion.rb
+++ b/app/models/billing/promotion.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 class Promotion < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :user
-
   belongs_to :page_unlock_promo_code
 
   # belongs_to :promo_code, polymorphic: true
diff --git a/app/models/concerns/belongs_to_universe.rb b/app/models/concerns/belongs_to_universe.rb
index 641e689b..7ba7cea3 100644
--- a/app/models/concerns/belongs_to_universe.rb
+++ b/app/models/concerns/belongs_to_universe.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module BelongsToUniverse
   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
   included do
-    belongs_to :universe
+    belongs_to :universe, optional: true
 
     scope :in_universe, ->(universe = nil) { where(universe: universe) unless universe.nil? }
   end
diff --git a/app/models/documents/document.rb b/app/models/documents/document.rb
index b5b3f598..c03bec23 100644
--- a/app/models/documents/document.rb
+++ b/app/models/documents/document.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Document < ApplicationRecord
   acts_as_paranoid
 
   belongs_to :user
-  belongs_to :universe
+  belongs_to :universe, optional: true
 
   has_many :document_analysis,   dependent: :destroy
   has_many :document_entities,   through: :document_analysis
diff --git a/app/models/page_data/image_upload.rb b/app/models/page_data/image_upload.rb
index d603f421..b912a0c9 100644
--- a/app/models/page_data/image_upload.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_data/image_upload.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 class ImageUpload < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :content, polymorphic: true
 
-
   # This is the old way we uploaded files -- now we're transitioning to ActiveStorage's has_one_attached
   has_attached_file :src,
     path: 'content/uploads/:style/:filename',
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/archenemyship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/archenemyship.rb
index 299c4656..c88a7a36 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/archenemyship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/archenemyship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Archenemyship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :archenemy, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/artifactship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/artifactship.rb
index b9f8fbb3..58f8d057 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/artifactship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/artifactship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Artifactship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :religion
   belongs_to :artifact, class_name: 'Item'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/best_friendship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/best_friendship.rb
index ac88b25d..6b143b34 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/best_friendship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/best_friendship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class BestFriendship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :best_friend, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/birthing.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/birthing.rb
index 1216e620..2f9f1df0 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/birthing.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/birthing.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Birthing < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :birthplace, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/capital_cities_relationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/capital_cities_relationship.rb
index f97ab0f8..553f31dc 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/capital_cities_relationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/capital_cities_relationship.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 class CapitalCitiesRelationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :location
   belongs_to :capital_city, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_birthtown.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_birthtown.rb
index ec0e6e52..8b93ac1c 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_birthtown.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_birthtown.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CharacterBirthtown < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :birthtown, class_name: Town.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_companion.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_companion.rb
index a06c7fa4..32015cc6 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_companion.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_companion.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CharacterCompanion < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :companion, class_name: Creature.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_enemy.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_enemy.rb
index ea215781..7d5ff544 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_enemy.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_enemy.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CharacterEnemy < ApplicationRecord
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :character
-  belongs_to :user
   belongs_to :enemy, class_name: Character.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_flora.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_flora.rb
index 80108988..098c6bb7 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_flora.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_flora.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CharacterFlora < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :flora
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_friend.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_friend.rb
index 9ce88ec6..9e1fccb0 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_friend.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_friend.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CharacterFriend < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :friend, class_name: Character.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_item.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_item.rb
index fcdf5e43..1a2d9dba 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_item.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_item.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CharacterItem < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :item
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_love_interest.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_love_interest.rb
index cd504e54..9fa7acd6 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_love_interest.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_love_interest.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class CharacterLoveInterest < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :love_interest, class_name: 'Character'
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_magic.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_magic.rb
index 1d97274e..be525d8d 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_magic.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_magic.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CharacterMagic < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :magic
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/character_technology.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/character_technology.rb
index 88650066..15eca4f6 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/character_technology.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/character_technology.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CharacterTechnology < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :technology
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/childrenship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/childrenship.rb
index 56f19fdf..0e746849 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/childrenship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/childrenship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Childrenship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :child, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/country_creature.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/country_creature.rb
index d55c82a4..d6f19093 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/country_creature.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/country_creature.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CountryCreature < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :country
   belongs_to :creature
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/country_flora.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/country_flora.rb
index e0788967..77ffa07f 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/country_flora.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/country_flora.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CountryFlora < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :country
   belongs_to :flora
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/country_government.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/country_government.rb
index f0688cde..a079d078 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/country_government.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/country_government.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CountryGovernment < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :country
   belongs_to :government
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/country_landmark.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/country_landmark.rb
index 797ed611..ece56148 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/country_landmark.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/country_landmark.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CountryLandmark < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :country
   belongs_to :landmark
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/country_language.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/country_language.rb
index 7aef11a2..82efa3a3 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/country_language.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/country_language.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CountryLanguage < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :country
   belongs_to :language
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/country_location.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/country_location.rb
index 45aac7cd..1d802ac7 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/country_location.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/country_location.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CountryLocation < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :country
   belongs_to :location
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/country_religion.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/country_religion.rb
index af985484..ec2d1f0d 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/country_religion.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/country_religion.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CountryReligion < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :country
   belongs_to :religion
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/country_town.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/country_town.rb
index 992a1ae9..0a6d62be 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/country_town.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/country_town.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class CountryTown < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :country
   belongs_to :town
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/creature_relationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/creature_relationship.rb
index 83ebcc2f..2ef39d3b 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/creature_relationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/creature_relationship.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class CreatureRelationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
   LINK_TYPE = :two_way
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :creature
   belongs_to :related_creature, class_name: 'Creature'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/current_ownership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/current_ownership.rb
index 5c408db3..4d206af5 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/current_ownership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/current_ownership.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 class CurrentOwnership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :item
   belongs_to :current_owner, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_ability.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_ability.rb
index 2c21f249..ecb42055 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_ability.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_ability.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityAbility < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :ability, class_name: Magic.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_child.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_child.rb
index 761822ad..3123c5e5 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_child.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_child.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityCharacterChild < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :character_child, class_name: Character.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_parent.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_parent.rb
index 2f5fb053..9cff944f 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_parent.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_parent.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityCharacterParent < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :character_parent, class_name: Character.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_partner.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_partner.rb
index 27542e5c..64807273 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_partner.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_partner.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityCharacterPartner < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :character_partner, class_name: Character.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_sibling.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_sibling.rb
index e2a494a1..f561bf79 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_sibling.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_character_sibling.rb
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ class DeityCharacterSibling < ApplicationRecord
 
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :character_sibling, class_name: Character.name
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_creature.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_creature.rb
index 198931bd..e407ae12 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_creature.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_creature.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityCreature < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :creature
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_child.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_child.rb
index a1fdb7f0..16721f95 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_child.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_child.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityDeityChild < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :deity_child, class_name: Deity.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_parent.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_parent.rb
index a71a9769..02761df8 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_parent.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_parent.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityDeityParent < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :deity_parent, class_name: Deity.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_partner.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_partner.rb
index fa980ad1..45648207 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_partner.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_partner.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityDeityPartner < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :deity_partner, class_name: Deity.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_sibling.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_sibling.rb
index 69cd6de5..8bdd6d80 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_sibling.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_deity_sibling.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class DeityDeitySibling < ApplicationRecord
 
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :deity_sibling, class_name: Deity.name
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   after_create do
     self.reciprocate(
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_flora.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_flora.rb
index 59428154..cdd794e7 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_flora.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_flora.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityFlora < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :flora
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_race.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_race.rb
index 9bdfcf9a..c5a419fe 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_race.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_race.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityRace < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :race
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_related_landmark.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_related_landmark.rb
index 58f323d2..9c124478 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_related_landmark.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_related_landmark.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityRelatedLandmark < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :related_landmark, class_name: Landmark.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_related_town.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_related_town.rb
index 75f5d991..2cf45c03 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_related_town.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_related_town.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityRelatedTown < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :related_town, class_name: Town.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_relic.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_relic.rb
index 43694ed2..13458939 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_relic.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_relic.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityRelic < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :relic, class_name: Item.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_religion.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_religion.rb
index 6a7fb0df..0988c4c7 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deity_religion.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deity_religion.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class DeityReligion < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :deity
   belongs_to :religion
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/deityship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/deityship.rb
index 350cd515..0acee5b0 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/deityship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/deityship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Deityship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :religion
 
   # This is hacky because we had Deityships pointing at character "deities" before
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/famous_figureship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/famous_figureship.rb
index 04487218..dc0b447c 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/famous_figureship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/famous_figureship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class FamousFigureship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :race
   belongs_to :famous_figure, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/fathership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/fathership.rb
index 5109e5fd..ba974c03 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/fathership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/fathership.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Fathership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :father, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/flora_eaten_by.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/flora_eaten_by.rb
index 2d8a3847..46956cd0 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/flora_eaten_by.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/flora_eaten_by.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class FloraEatenBy < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :flora
   belongs_to :creature
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/flora_location.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/flora_location.rb
index 2200f749..f5ae2d10 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/flora_location.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/flora_location.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class FloraLocation < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :flora
   belongs_to :location
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/flora_magical_effect.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/flora_magical_effect.rb
index 5c218716..9886ece4 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/flora_magical_effect.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/flora_magical_effect.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class FloraMagicalEffect < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :flora
   belongs_to :magic, class_name: 'Magic'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/flora_relationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/flora_relationship.rb
index bcbc1151..be2cb922 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/flora_relationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/flora_relationship.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class FloraRelationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
   LINK_TYPE = :two_way
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :flora
   belongs_to :related_flora, class_name: 'Flora'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/government_creature.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/government_creature.rb
index 131a7261..a0a818f9 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/government_creature.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/government_creature.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class GovernmentCreature < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :government
   belongs_to :creature
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/government_group.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/government_group.rb
index d235b8c3..5703f26b 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/government_group.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/government_group.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class GovernmentGroup < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :government
   belongs_to :group
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/government_item.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/government_item.rb
index d935322a..eca02a34 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/government_item.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/government_item.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class GovernmentItem < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :government
   belongs_to :item
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/government_leader.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/government_leader.rb
index f69511ec..9796250a 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/government_leader.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/government_leader.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class GovernmentLeader < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :government
   belongs_to :leader, class_name: Character.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/government_political_figure.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/government_political_figure.rb
index aa5fa10d..25e5dc21 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/government_political_figure.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/government_political_figure.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class GovernmentPoliticalFigure < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :government
   belongs_to :political_figure, class_name: Character.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/government_technology.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/government_technology.rb
index 08657168..ebe60157 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/government_technology.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/government_technology.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class GovernmentTechnology < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :government
   belongs_to :technology
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_allyship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_allyship.rb
index e6dc9d68..a63382e1 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_allyship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_allyship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupAllyship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :ally, class_name: 'Group'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_clientship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_clientship.rb
index ec5e1170..958ca1a4 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_clientship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_clientship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupClientship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :client, class_name: 'Group'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_creature.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_creature.rb
index 7a1e017e..febaaaa5 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_creature.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_creature.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class GroupCreature < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :creature
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_enemyship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_enemyship.rb
index e36369f1..d3f2972e 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_enemyship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_enemyship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupEnemyship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :enemy, class_name: 'Group'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_equipmentship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_equipmentship.rb
index 59dcd77a..2cf8443f 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_equipmentship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_equipmentship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupEquipmentship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :equipment, class_name: 'Item'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_leadership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_leadership.rb
index 000b0309..821180e5 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_leadership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_leadership.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupLeadership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :leader, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_locationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_locationship.rb
index d5badcd9..50d47760 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_locationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_locationship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupLocationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :location
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_membership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_membership.rb
index e932f467..368dfbfe 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_membership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_membership.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupMembership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :member, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_rivalship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_rivalship.rb
index f8b7f9dd..5b2561a4 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_rivalship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_rivalship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupRivalship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :rival, class_name: 'Group'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/group_suppliership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/group_suppliership.rb
index e71e77b7..bc1b4bf3 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/group_suppliership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/group_suppliership.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class GroupSuppliership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :supplier, class_name: 'Group'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/headquartership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/headquartership.rb
index e168c5e2..6e821eee 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/headquartership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/headquartership.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Headquartership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :headquarter, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/item_magic.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/item_magic.rb
index e7fefc4f..78caf54e 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/item_magic.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/item_magic.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class ItemMagic < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :item
   belongs_to :magic
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/key_itemship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/key_itemship.rb
index 7175922f..84ef8124 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/key_itemship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/key_itemship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class KeyItemship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :key_item, class_name: 'Item'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_country.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_country.rb
index 9af5b3c8..03ae4a6f 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_country.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_country.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class LandmarkCountry < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :landmark
   belongs_to :country
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_creature.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_creature.rb
index faf65b80..bb1db054 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_creature.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_creature.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class LandmarkCreature < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :landmark
   belongs_to :creature
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_flora.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_flora.rb
index 6da9558e..b984ce82 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_flora.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_flora.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class LandmarkFlora < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :landmark
   belongs_to :flora
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_nearby_town.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_nearby_town.rb
index cb23903b..db08ab3f 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_nearby_town.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/landmark_nearby_town.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class LandmarkNearbyTown < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :landmark
   belongs_to :nearby_town, class_name: 'Town'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/largest_cities_relationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/largest_cities_relationship.rb
index c68e3e5e..00e7c276 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/largest_cities_relationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/largest_cities_relationship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class LargestCitiesRelationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :location
   belongs_to :largest_city, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/lingualism.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/lingualism.rb
index 6ecbdc63..063c43b4 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/lingualism.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/lingualism.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Lingualism < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :spoken_language, class_name: 'Language'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/location_capital_town.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/location_capital_town.rb
index 45faae97..438a1cd0 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/location_capital_town.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/location_capital_town.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class LocationCapitalTown < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :location
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :capital_town, class_name: Town.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/location_landmark.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/location_landmark.rb
index 37080508..49628ee3 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/location_landmark.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/location_landmark.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class LocationLandmark < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :location
   belongs_to :landmark
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/location_languageship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/location_languageship.rb
index 65750c7d..5f8dc1b1 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/location_languageship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/location_languageship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class LocationLanguageship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :location
   belongs_to :language
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/location_largest_town.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/location_largest_town.rb
index ee48d27d..e368cc33 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/location_largest_town.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/location_largest_town.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class LocationLargestTown < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :location
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :largest_town, class_name: Town.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/location_leadership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/location_leadership.rb
index 3da71aa2..a4746ac9 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/location_leadership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/location_leadership.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class LocationLeadership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :location
   belongs_to :leader, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/location_notable_town.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/location_notable_town.rb
index cecf0815..d38f6fb6 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/location_notable_town.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/location_notable_town.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class LocationNotableTown < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :location
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :notable_town, class_name: Town.name
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/magic_deityship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/magic_deityship.rb
index e6ef62d9..896aee78 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/magic_deityship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/magic_deityship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class MagicDeityship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :magic
   belongs_to :deity, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/maker_relationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/maker_relationship.rb
index 582bf8d1..01f29ee6 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/maker_relationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/maker_relationship.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 class MakerRelationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :item
   belongs_to :maker, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/marriage.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/marriage.rb
index fecdbaa6..03b87118 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/marriage.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/marriage.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Marriage < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
   LINK_TYPE = :two_way
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :spouse, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/mothership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/mothership.rb
index 37e96f2d..226d6fb0 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/mothership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/mothership.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Mothership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :mother, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/notable_cities_relationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/notable_cities_relationship.rb
index c3f16c06..a1cccbd1 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/notable_cities_relationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/notable_cities_relationship.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 class NotableCitiesRelationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :location
   belongs_to :notable_city, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/officeship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/officeship.rb
index 6395948b..53e4bc23 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/officeship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/officeship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Officeship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :office, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/original_ownership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/original_ownership.rb
index 46a82fa1..7190de9f 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/original_ownership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/original_ownership.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 class OriginalOwnership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :item
   belongs_to :original_owner, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/past_ownership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/past_ownership.rb
index b7c3dba8..f29bfe9a 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/past_ownership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/past_ownership.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 class PastOwnership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :item
   belongs_to :past_owner, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_country.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_country.rb
index b3ea5fac..9f4b5e31 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_country.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_country.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetCountry < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :country
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_creature.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_creature.rb
index 16e8c9fa..0a99fac3 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_creature.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_creature.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetCreature < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :creature
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_deity.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_deity.rb
index 8e92b3dd..dd977e8d 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_deity.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_deity.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetDeity < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :deity
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_flora.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_flora.rb
index dd29d1e1..146b3707 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_flora.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_flora.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetFlora < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :flora
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_group.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_group.rb
index 83eed0d9..e5aaaded 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_group.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_group.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetGroup < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :group
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_landmark.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_landmark.rb
index 9f19d313..31e2eb38 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_landmark.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_landmark.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetLandmark < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :landmark
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_language.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_language.rb
index 77ae5d77..890fd2d3 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_language.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_language.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetLanguage < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :language
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_location.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_location.rb
index 4f5df3ac..7eea8098 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_location.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_location.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetLocation < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :location
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_nearby_planet.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_nearby_planet.rb
index 1e87c36e..a9eed85d 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_nearby_planet.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_nearby_planet.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class PlanetNearbyPlanet < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
   LINK_TYPE = :two_way
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :nearby_planet, class_name: Planet.name
 
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_race.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_race.rb
index 540121a5..6a7f7b90 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_race.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_race.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetRace < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :race
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_religion.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_religion.rb
index b9016fbf..3580f239 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_religion.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_religion.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetReligion < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :religion
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_town.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_town.rb
index a8660036..f6f814b8 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/planet_town.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/planet_town.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class PlanetTown < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :planet
   belongs_to :town
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/raceship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/raceship.rb
index 1451c744..c05c61c2 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/raceship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/raceship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Raceship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :race
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/religion_deity.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/religion_deity.rb
index 316322ba..ebd7e359 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/religion_deity.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/religion_deity.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class ReligionDeity < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :religion
   belongs_to :deity
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/religious_figureship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/religious_figureship.rb
index 73443a1f..4c5315b0 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/religious_figureship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/religious_figureship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class ReligiousFigureship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :religion
   belongs_to :notable_figure, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/religious_locationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/religious_locationship.rb
index 8122b00a..6f9bd295 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/religious_locationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/religious_locationship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class ReligiousLocationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :religion
   belongs_to :practicing_location, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/religious_raceship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/religious_raceship.rb
index d96d7476..1cf40d9a 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/religious_raceship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/religious_raceship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class ReligiousRaceship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :religion
   belongs_to :race
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/scene_charactership.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/scene_charactership.rb
index f3cdfa33..604cd831 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/scene_charactership.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/scene_charactership.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class SceneCharactership < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :scene
   belongs_to :scene_character, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/scene_itemship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/scene_itemship.rb
index 2d0ec314..2a776c9e 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/scene_itemship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/scene_itemship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class SceneItemship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :scene
   belongs_to :scene_item, class_name: 'Item'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/scene_locationship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/scene_locationship.rb
index 4a61abb7..09f8bac2 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/scene_locationship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/scene_locationship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class SceneLocationship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :scene
   belongs_to :scene_location, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/siblingship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/siblingship.rb
index 602ba62f..03770173 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/siblingship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/siblingship.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Siblingship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
   LINK_TYPE = :two_way
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :character
   belongs_to :sibling, class_name: 'Character'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/sistergroupship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/sistergroupship.rb
index 629a62f8..464e3825 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/sistergroupship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/sistergroupship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Sistergroupship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :sistergroup, class_name: Group.name
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/subgroupship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/subgroupship.rb
index 66526b77..22bb06c7 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/subgroupship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/subgroupship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Subgroupship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :subgroup, class_name: 'Group'
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/supergroupship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/supergroupship.rb
index cfe0a1e9..5a730cf3 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/supergroupship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/supergroupship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Supergroupship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :group
   belongs_to :supergroup, class_name: Group.name
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_character.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_character.rb
index 46b2fdac..8806b682 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_character.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_character.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TechnologyCharacter < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :character
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_child_technology.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_child_technology.rb
index 2751d75e..3816ef0d 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_child_technology.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_child_technology.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class TechnologyChildTechnology < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :child_technology, class_name: Technology.name
 
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_country.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_country.rb
index 768a0cd8..41108d8a 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_country.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_country.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TechnologyCountry < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :country
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_creature.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_creature.rb
index 294461b3..c854561c 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_creature.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_creature.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TechnologyCreature < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :creature
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_group.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_group.rb
index b241e672..939583c7 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_group.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_group.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TechnologyGroup < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :group
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_magic.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_magic.rb
index 3766c757..cc259cdd 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_magic.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_magic.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TechnologyMagic < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :magic
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_parent_technology.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_parent_technology.rb
index eb168c27..ec51bb46 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_parent_technology.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_parent_technology.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class TechnologyParentTechnology < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :parent_technology, class_name: Technology.name
 
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_planet.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_planet.rb
index 56756e74..5e4eb93b 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_planet.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_planet.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TechnologyPlanet < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :planet
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_related_technology.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_related_technology.rb
index 98564b6e..e8c18772 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_related_technology.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_related_technology.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class TechnologyRelatedTechnology < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :related_technology, class_name: Technology.name
 
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_town.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_town.rb
index e1b1bd90..c12731a8 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/technology_town.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/technology_town.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TechnologyTown < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :technology
   belongs_to :town
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/town_citizen.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/town_citizen.rb
index 97450ded..6ebdbc54 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/town_citizen.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/town_citizen.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TownCitizen < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :town
   belongs_to :citizen, class_name: 'Character'
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/town_country.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/town_country.rb
index 0b098f73..afe83a05 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/town_country.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/town_country.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TownCountry < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :town
   belongs_to :country
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/town_creature.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/town_creature.rb
index aa573e17..1ec3d3fd 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/town_creature.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/town_creature.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TownCreature < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :town
   belongs_to :creature
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/town_flora.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/town_flora.rb
index e8e54cee..7791609a 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/town_flora.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/town_flora.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TownFlora < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :town
   belongs_to :flora
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/town_group.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/town_group.rb
index 7237f73e..d2728f59 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/town_group.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/town_group.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TownGroup < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :town
   belongs_to :group
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/town_language.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/town_language.rb
index 325d842b..c3d518ba 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/town_language.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/town_language.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TownLanguage < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :town
   belongs_to :language
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/town_nearby_landmark.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/town_nearby_landmark.rb
index ac109257..daab88be 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/town_nearby_landmark.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/town_nearby_landmark.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class TownNearbyLandmark < ApplicationRecord
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
   belongs_to :town
   belongs_to :nearby_landmark, class_name: 'Landmark'
 end
diff --git a/app/models/page_groupers/wildlifeship.rb b/app/models/page_groupers/wildlifeship.rb
index ea23f72c..7a5053e9 100644
--- a/app/models/page_groupers/wildlifeship.rb
+++ b/app/models/page_groupers/wildlifeship.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Wildlifeship < ApplicationRecord
   include HasContentLinking
 
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   belongs_to :creature
   belongs_to :habitat, class_name: 'Location'
diff --git a/app/models/users/contributor.rb b/app/models/users/contributor.rb
index 7a65754f..c06c05fb 100644
--- a/app/models/users/contributor.rb
+++ b/app/models/users/contributor.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 class Contributor < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :universe
-  belongs_to :user
+  belongs_to :user, optional: true
 end